Discuss the characteristics of City-Region. Comment on City-Regions of India in brief.

Characteristics of City-Region:-

A city-region, also known as a metropolitan area or urban agglomeration, is a spatial entity that comprises a central city and its surrounding suburban areas, towns, and satellite cities. The characteristics of a city-region include:-

Write a brief account on Urbanisation Policy in India. Highlight some recently adopted Urban Development policies launched by the Government of India.

Urbanization in India has been a significant phenomenon, with a large and growing urban population. The Indian government has recognized the importance of sustainable and planned urban development and has formulated various urbanization policies over the years to address the challenges and opportunities posed by rapid urbanization.

Define City system as per Bourne. Explain nested hierarchies of Central places. State the Principles of Central Place Model.

City System as per Bourne:-

The concept of "City System" as proposed by E.H. Bourne refers to the hierarchical arrangement of cities within a region or country. According to Bourne, cities are not isolated entities but rather form a network of interdependent settlements. The city system is characterized by functional relationships, economic linkages, and the exchange of goods, services, and information among different urban centers. In this system, larger cities play central roles, providing higher-order goods and services to smaller cities and towns within their sphere of influence.

What do you understand by Urbanization? Explain the nature of Urbanisation Curve. Discuss the different processes of Urbanisation, citing examples from the scenario of Indian Urbanisation.

Urbanization:-

Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a country's population migrates from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities and towns. It involves the shift of people from agricultural-based economies in rural settings to industrial and service-based economies in urban settings. Urbanization is a global phenomenon driven by various social, economic, and demographic factors.

Define Urban in the context of Urban Geography. Elucidate the main approaches to the study of Urban Geography.

Urban in the Context of Urban Geography:-

In the context of Urban Geography, "urban" refers to the built-up areas and human settlements characterized by high population density, a concentration of buildings, and a diverse range of economic, social, and cultural activities. Urban areas are distinct from rural areas, and the distinction is primarily based on population density, land use patterns, and the intensity of human activities. Urban geography focuses on the spatial organization, functions, and processes that shape cities and urban settlements.

What is the connotation of Urbanism? How Louis Wirth has worked out the variables in defining Urbanisation and Urbanism? Bring out the hypotheses as deducted from Wirth’s concept.

Connotation of Urbanism:-

Urbanism refers to the way of life, culture, and social organization that are characteristic of urban areas or cities. It encompasses the unique features and behaviors that emerge in urban settings due to the concentration of people, diverse social interactions, economic activities, and built environments. Urbanism influences the social and cultural patterns, values, and behaviors of urban dwellers, shaping their identities and lifestyles.

Bring out the scope of Urban Geography. Critically appreciate the traditional and contemporary approaches in Urban Geography.

Scope of Urban Geography:-

Urban Geography is a subfield of human geography that focuses on the study of cities, urban areas, and the processes of urbanization. It seeks to understand the spatial organization, social structures, economic activities, and environmental impacts of urban settlements. The scope of Urban Geography is broad and includes the following aspects:

What do you understand by ‘System of Cities’? Explain the City System Model.

System of Cities:-

The term 'System of Cities' refers to the interconnected and hierarchical arrangement of cities within a region or country. It is a concept in urban geography that emphasizes the functional relationships and interactions among cities of different sizes and roles. The system of cities is characterized by the flow of goods, services, information, and people between cities, leading to economic, social, and cultural interdependence.

Define Nested Hierarchy. Critically analyse the Central Place Theory.

Nested Hierarchy:-

Nested hierarchy is a spatial concept in geography that refers to the arrangement of settlements and urban centers in a hierarchical manner, with larger and more dominant centers providing higher-order goods, services, and facilities to smaller and less dominant centers within a region. In a nested hierarchy, each level of the settlement system has a specific range of services and functions, with higher-order functions being concentrated in larger centers at the top of the hierarchy. Smaller centers rely on larger ones for certain services, creating a pattern of functional interdependence.

What do you understand by the term ‘Urban field’? Explain the Core-Periphery Model as Proposed by Friedman.

Urban Field:-

The term 'Urban Field' refers to the spatial organization and functional interdependence of urban areas within a region. It is a conceptual framework used in urban geography to understand the hierarchical relationship between cities and towns and the flows of goods, services, and people that connect them. The concept of the urban field helps in analyzing the distribution of urban centers, their varying sizes and functions, and their interactions within a given geographical area.

Elucidate in brief the Urban Policies of India adopted since 1990’s with critical appreciation.

Since the 1990s, India has implemented various urban policies to address the challenges and opportunities posed by rapid urbanization. Some of the key urban policies adopted during this period are as follows:-

URBANISATION IN INDIA

Introduction:-Definition of Urbanization varies from person to person and region to region, however, the true essence of urbanization is the rapid growth of population in the urban areas and economic activities which bring about more development of towns. Migration from rural to urban areas is an important factor for urbanization.

The Problems and issues in urbanization in India

INTRODUCTION:-

In our country, urbanization is unplanned due to uncontrolled migration. Due to unplanned urbanization, India is facing too many problems such as unemployment, electricity problem, pollution, social problems, improper sanitation facilities, etc. The rapid rise in an urban population in India is leading to many problems like increasing slums, decrease in standard of living in urban areas, also causing environmental damage. Following problems need to be highlighted.