Concept of Dependency ratio.

INTRODUCTION:- The term Dependency Ratio refers to the number of dependents every 100 persons. The total population of a region or a country is divided into two broad categories:- 

(1) Economically active population  

(2) Economically non-active population 

What is occupational structure? Classification and Importance of occupational structure.

INTRODUCTION:- Occupational structure falls under the economic composition of the population. It deals with the distribution of population based on economic characteristics. The occupational structure is referred to the aggregating or clubbing of different economic activities. In simple terms, the percentage of the population is employed or engaged in any economic activities.

Concept of Population Structure(Age sex Pyramid).

INTRODUCTION:- Population composition is referred to the physical, socio-culture, economic attributes of the population. It also refers to the distribution of population in various categories. Based on various socio-economic-biological characteristics like age, sex, religion, economic status, etc.

Content of Population Geography .

INTRODUCTION:-  In''geography of population'' G.T. Trewartha says, ‘population serves as the point of reference from which all other geographic elements are observed and from which they all singly and collectively derive significance and meaning.

What is Mortality ? Measurements and Major Determinants of Mortality.

INTRODUCTION:- Mortality has been defined as the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after birth has taken place (United Nations,1953). Death can occur only after live birth has occurred .therefore, for the purposes of mortality, all deaths before births are to be excluded. Not all countries follow this definition recommended by United Nations.

What is Morbidity ? Measurement and Importance of Morbidity.

INTRODUCTION:-The word Morbidity derives from morbid, from Latin word morbidus (“diseased”), from Morbus (“disease”), from the root of Mori (“to die”), or from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to rub, pound, wear away”). Morbidity is an essential concept in the health sciences in total and in epidemiology particularly. It is a universal concept that becomes understandable by its operational definition. Morbidity is the occurrence (or frequency) of diseases. So, Morbidity has been defined as ‘any departure subjective or objective, from a state of physiological well-being’.That means the extent of illness, endure, or disability in a definite population. The WHO Expert Committee On Health Statistics noted in its 6th report that morbidity could be measured in terms of three units- 

(1) Frequency- Incidence and Prevalence 

(2) Duration- Disability Rate 

(3) Severity- Case Fatality Rate 

Major Determinants of Fertility.

Determinants of fertility:- The attributes that form the fertility behaviors of the population in any region may, however, be concerned with biological, sociocultural, economic, or political matters. The major determinant of fertility or birth rate includes fecundity, age at marriage, marriage system, educational status, level of urbanization working status of females, religions faith social tradition and customs, income and standard of living, occupation, government policy, etc.

What is Fertility? Measurement of Fertility.

Definition:-  The term fertility denotes the state or condition of being fertile. The ability to conceive children is fertility. Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. In demography, fertility refers to the occurrence of birth. Fertility is one of the three fundamental components of population growth, the others being mortality and migration of the population. 

What is Population Geography ? Nature and Scope of Population Geography.

INTRODUCTION:- Human geography concentrates on the spatial organization and processes shaping the lives and activities of people, and their interaction with place and nature.

Human geography consists of several sub-disciplinary fields that focus on different elements of human activity and organization. 

FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION.

Human geography embraces the study of the human race, the growth of human numbers, the movements and density of population, etc. Thus human geography is a science that studies the relationship between man and the environment. Factors Influencing Population Distribution

REASONS FOR INCREASE IN POPULATION IN INDIA

I. BIRTH RATE

(a) Poverty:-According to ABC News, India currently faces approximately "… 33 births a minute,2,000 an hour, 48,000 a day, which calculates to nearly 12 million a year". Unfortunately, the resources do not increase as the population increases. Instead, the resources keep decreasing, leading to making survival for a human being more and more competitive even for the basic necessities of life like

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY

INTRODUCTION:-The demographic transition theory is one of the most important population theories, which is best documented by the data and statistics of recent demographic history. In its original form, it was put forward by W.S. Thompson (1929) and Frank Notestein (1945). These demographers based their statements and arguments on the trends in fertility and mortality, being experienced in Europe, Anglo- America, and Australia. Notestein suggested the existence of three stages in the transition: i) High growth potential exists before fertility begins to decline. ii) population growth slackens once fertility decline becomes well established in the transition growth stage. iii) Incipient decline occurs when fertility falls below the replacement level & when mortality has already established at a low level. In the present-day world, as would be true of any point in time, different countries of the world are at different stages of demographic transition. 

SEN’S APPROACH OF POPULATION

INTRODUCTION:- Amartya Sen, (born November 3, 1933, Santiniketan, India), Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to the welfare and social choice theory and for his interest in the problems of society’s poorest members. Sen was best known for his work on the causes of famine, which led to the development of practical solutions for preventing or limiting the effects of real or perceived shortages of food. Sen’s approach regarding population growth is not executed in proper theory rather it is the basic idea that Amartya Sen has given regarding population control in the society. His approach is mainly based on economic as well as social development with special emphasis on eliminating inequality between men and women mainly in developing countries like India.

NEO–MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION GROWTH AND CONTROL

NEO–MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION GROWTH AND CONTROL:-

Neo-Malthusianism is concerned that overpopulation, as well as overconsumption, may increase resource depletion and/or environmental degradation will lead to ecological collapse or other hazards. Neo-Malthusianism is the advocacy of human population planning to ensure resources and environmental integrities for current and future human populations as well as for other species.

MARXIAN THEORY OF POPULATION

INTRODUCTION:-Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, and also a socialist revolutionary who was born on 5th May 1818 and died on 14th March 1883 at the age of 64. Marx’s main interest was in the fields of philosophy, economics, history, and politics. The influence of G.W.F. Hegel, Charles Darwin, Aristotle, David Ricardo, Adam Smith, William Thompson, and Voltaire can be noticed in his works.

MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF PRINCIPAL OF POPULATION

INTRODUCTION 

Though the history vague thinking of population resource nexus dates back to the days of Plato, Thomas Malthus was the first person to systematize information on this matter and initiate many views expressed in his first essay which later came to be known as the Malthusian Principle Of Population. Since then several scholars have attempted to search for some law governing population growth. A distinction has been made between natural law-based population theories and social theories of population.

DATABASE AND SOURCES OF POPULATION DATA

INTRODUCTION

Data is the cornerstone of demographic and population analysis. The goal of which is to verify (or falsify) empirical observations and to construct laws that can be generalized to a wide variety of models and theories. We today do not lack data on contemporary demographic events. But the widespread availability of data does not mean that all data problems are solved. Demographers & population geographers must always be concerned with the quality of data they use. We will discuss some of the most prominent contemporary sources of demographic data and the quality of those data in the sections that follow. 

Population Growth pattern in Developed & Developing Countries.

INTRODUCTION

GROWTH OF POPULATION:-Growth of the population refers to the change in the number of inheritances of a country or territory during a specific period. Say, during the last 10 years, the population change is about changes in population composition; like age-sex structure, sex ratio, literacy rate, occupational structure, etc. The current population in the world is now greater than 7.4 billion, estimated by the United States Census Bureau (USCB) in 2016. But current projection shows that with a continued increase shortly the global population is expected to reach between 8.5 billion to 10.9 billion by 2050.

Optimum Population and Population Explosion.

OPTIMUM POPULATION

INTRODUCTION:-The concept of optimum population is basically economic in character. It is significant for Population Geographers, who also have their concern with population-resource relationships in an area. The studies relating to the relationship between population and resources have, of recent, assumed greater significance because of the realization that the continued explosive population growth was keeping the world in a state of perpetual crisis. The nature of the social structure, the stage of technological advancement, the characteristics of the distribution system, and public policies are other elements of the system that govern the balance between the people and the resources of any area. In any assessment of the population-resources nexus, all these factors constitute important elements of the system.

Population Density and Distribution.

POPULATION DENSITY
INTRODUCTION:-One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population. It is a quantitative measure. It is defined as the number of persons per sq. km. It can be calculated by dividing the total population by area, in other words, the numerator in this calculation is population, and the denominator is an area (Chandana, 1986, p.25). Population density allows for a broad comparison of settlement intensity across geographic areas. it‘s a simple and crude measure from population size and land area for assessing the pressure of population on resources.