INTRODUCTION:- One of the major components apart from mortality and fertility, which affect population change, is 'Migration. Migration is not a new phenomenon. It has existed since ancient times. Although there are no authentic records of such migration, it is sure that people migrated from one part of the country to the other.
It is believed that most of the pre-historic period was influenced by climate, fertility of the soil, and flora and fauna. As the river valleys had good transportation facilities, people were more attracted to migrate to such places. Another reason was that most of the river valleys served as commercial centers of business.
It is believed that most of the pre-historic period was influenced by climate, fertility of the soil, and flora and fauna. As the river valleys had good transportation facilities, people were more attracted to migrate to such places. Another reason was that most of the river valleys served as commercial centers of business.
Before the discussion of migration, we need to know what is mobility? All forms of movement of individuals or a group of people from one place to another place, with or without any change in the place of residence is called mobility. Mobility mainly three types, these are -
Mobility
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1. Circulation 2. Moment 3. Migration
(1) Circulation(1 hr or half-hour):- When a person travels every day from a place of origin to another place and person/migrants return to the place of origin after some time.
Example- newspaper, hacker, sells newspapers to another village and they again come to their home.
(2) Moment(More than 1 Hour or not fixed): - No permanent intention to settle down in another place. Example- labor moments from Jharkhand, Bihar to plains of north India like Haryana, Punjab& in eastern India like West Bengal & movement of Central Govt. Employees, students go for their studies.
(3) Migration: -Migration is one of the three processes of population change (fertility and mortality are the other two). Migration is defined as the geographic movement of the people across a specified boundary to establish a new permanent or semi-permanent residence or it’s the movement of the people from one place to live in another. People may decide to migrate as individuals in family units or large groups.
(3) Migration: -Migration is one of the three processes of population change (fertility and mortality are the other two). Migration is defined as the geographic movement of the people across a specified boundary to establish a new permanent or semi-permanent residence or it’s the movement of the people from one place to live in another. People may decide to migrate as individuals in family units or large groups.
According to Johnston - migration may be defined as a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people.
According to the UN - migration is a term of geographical mobility between geographical units to another, generally involving a change of residence.
In the words of Lee - migration is a permanent change of residence with no restriction on the distance involved in the movement.
So, migration is a permanent move, involving crossing the boundary of an administrative unit. However, migration whether internal or international has a profound effect on economic development, which could be negative or positive. There are two terms related to migration - 1. Place of origin - the place of origin from where people are migrating is called the place of origin. 2. Place of destination - the place to which people are intended to stay permanently or semi-permanently i9s called the place of destination.
FUNCTION OF MIGRATION:-
There are different type function of migration discussed in followers --
{1} Movement of the physical distance: -When someone moves from one place to another, it is necessary to cover a particular physical distance.
{2} Change in residence: -Change of residence for a different purpose, it may be permanent or semi-permanent.
{3} Change in the administrative boundary:-Usually it refers to changes in the state or country boundary. So it is the major important characteristic of migration.
CLASSIFICATION OF MIGRATION: -
There are different types of migration are found .these are discussed below -
(A) INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: - When people move within international boundaries, it’s known as international migration. It is two types ----
❏ Emigration:- when people move from place of origin to another nation, it is called emigration. For example - India to France migration.
❏ Immigration: - Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. For example - France to India migration.
(B) NATIONAL MIGRATION: - People move within the national boundary or within a country, this is known as national migration. It is four types ----
❏ Rural-Urban migration: - When people move from village to town or city. For example - this migration mainly occurs because of economic opportunities.
❏ Urban-Rural migration: - When people move from town or city to village area. For example - after the requirement from Govt. services.
❏ Rural - Rural migration: - When people move from one village to another village. For example - mostly observed between girls, due to marriage.
❏ Urban - Urban migration: -When people move from one city to another city (big city). For example - the high technological people move due to improving their technology still more.
Migration brings a certain change in the population. It helps in the redistribution of the people of a country. Due to migration people move from one place to another place which brings cultural harmony.
MIGRATION VOLUME: -
Mathematically, it’s express as:-Vm =Pt-Po-(B-P)
Where Vm means Volume of migration.
Pt means Population at the end of the year
Po means population at the beginning of the year.
B means No. Of the birth
D means No. Of deaths
If we have data then we calculate the population migration volume.
MIGRATION RATE:-
It’s expressed as-(Vm/Sample pop)*k
Where Vm means the volume of migration
Sample population means urban sample population or whatever it is.
K means constant usually in migration it is taken as 1000.
If the output of this equation comes in the (0) then it refers to two conditions-
(1) Either population is closed to migration means there is no emigration and no immigration.
(2) Immigrants are equal to out migrants
If the output comes in (-) then
(1) The area is the net loser of the population.
(2) Out-migration is greater than immigration.
If the output comes in (+) then-
(1) The area is the net gainer of the population.
(2) Immigrants are more than emigrants.
If we consider the nature of the Indian population then the population in the developing country is considered as least migratory. The developed country is considered highly migratory.
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
Factors causing or controlling migration vary considerably from region to region, person to person. Various factors affect migration. They are –
(a) Pull factor:- Urban centers provide vast scope for employment in industries, transport, trade, and other services. They also offer modern facilities of life. Thus they act as a 'magnet' for the migrant population and attract people from other areas. This is known as 'pull factor. '
Push factor: Push factors are poverty, unemployment, poor economic conditions, lack of opportunities, exhaustion of natural resources and natural calamities, low agricultural productivity, etc. When people do not find means of livelihood in their villages they are pushed out to the nearby distant towns. Many people migrated from their far-off villages to big cities of Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, etc. because cities offered them more opportunities.
(b) Natural causes of migration:- Natural factors causing migration of people to include a variety of elements like natural calamities, epidemics, climatic change, floods, earthquakes, etc. These factors create a migration. These are push factors that compel people to leave their residential places and to move to other places.
(c) Economic causes of migration:- Availability of employment opportunities is an economic factor governing the magnitude and direction of migration. People migrate large numbers from rural to urban areas in search of employment. The agricultural base of rural areas does not provide employment to all the people living there. Even the small-scale and cottage industries of villages fail to provide employment to all the people. So employment originating industrial cities have been attracting youths from surrounding villages even from far distances.
(d) Socio-cultural causes of migration:- Marriage is a very important social factor of migration. In India and many other countries in Asia, every girl has to migrate to her in-law's house after marriage. Thus the entire female population of India has to migrate over a short or long distance.
(e) Demographic causes of migration:- Several demographic factors like age, sex, population density, overpopulation, marital status, etc. play important role in the migration pattern of an area. It is well fact that adults are more migratory than any other age group. The great historic migration of Europeans across the Atlantic Ocean was mainly due to the increasing pressure of population on the resource base of European countries. In India the people on large scale have been migrating from densely populated parts of West Bengal, Orissa, Kerala, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh largely due to the poor population resource ratio in these areas.
(f) Political causes of migration:- Various political factors like colonization, wars, government policies, etc. Have always been playing important role in human migration from time to time. Wars have been a significant cause of migration since long ago. The First World War experienced the displacement of 6 million people while the Second World War involved the displacement of about 60 million people. Recent migration of people on the large scale followed the partition of India into India and Pakistan, nearly 6 million Hindus left Pakistan for India, and about an equal number of Muslims left India for Pakistan.
CONSEQUENCE OF MIGRATION
The consequences of migration are as varied and diverse as its cause. Migration affects both the areas of origin of migration & the areas of destination of the migrant population. Over & above, the people are affected in several ways. The consequences of migration can be broadly grouped as -
(a) Demographic consequences:- Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within the country. Rural-urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities. Migration brings about changes in the characteristics of our migration and region of migration. It changes not only the age and sex composition of the population but also affects the rate of growth of the population. Generally, the proportion of the old, children and females increases in the population of source areas due to our migration.
On the other hand, the proportion of these persons in the population of migration areas gets generally lower. Migration is one of the major causes of high sex ratio in source areas and low sex ratio in the receiving areas.
(b) Social consequences:- Migration results in intermixing of diverse cultures and leads the evolution of composite culture. It breaks the narrow considerations and widens the mental horizon of people. Migrants are very good agents of social change as they bring new ideas related to technologies, family planning, education, etc. In the historic time, India received migrants belonging to different cultures which led to different intermixing of one culture with the other. But at the same time, it has a serious negative impact. These include anonymity, which creates a social vacuum and a sense of dejection among individuals.
(c) Economic consequences:- The effects on the resource population ratio is one of the major economic consequences of migration. This ratio changes in both the source regions and receiving regions. The resource population ratio may be such in an area that might be called either underpopulated or overpopulated or optimally populated. Migration affects the occupational structure of the population in both regions. Generally, the proportion o the working population in source areas is lowered and the same proportion in the receiving areas is increased. Thus the population of the receiving areas tends to become more productive and in the source areas, it results in increasing the dependency ratio by reducing the proportion of the working people in the population. One of the serious results of migration is "brain drain ".This refers to the migration of skilled persons from the poorer countries to the developed countries in search of better opportunities.
An example can be the migration of doctors and engineers from India to the U.K, U.S.A. However, the quality of human resources in the source regions suffers a lot. The resources of the source region which are generally poorer countries cannot be developed fully because of the huge size of the population.
An example can be the migration of doctors and engineers from India to the U.K, U.S.A. However, the quality of human resources in the source regions suffers a lot. The resources of the source region which are generally poorer countries cannot be developed fully because of the huge size of the population.
(d) Environmental consequences:- Overcrowding is also related to over exploration of natural resources and cities are facing serious problems of water shortage, air and water pollution, the problem of sewage disposal, and management of solid wastes. Large-scale rural-urban migration leads to overcrowding in the cities and puts tremendous pressure on the infrastructure. It also results in unplanned and un-haphazard growth of cities in which slums and shanty colonies are very common.
(e) Other consequences:- Migration has a deep impact on the status of women. Male members of the family migrate rural to urban areas and leave their wives behind at home. This puts tremendous mental and physical pressure on the women.
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