INTRODUCTION:- Population composition is referred to the physical, socio-culture, economic attributes of the population. It also refers to the distribution of population in various categories. Based on various socio-economic-biological characteristics like age, sex, religion, economic status, etc.
It is a measurable characteristic of a population that helps to distinguish the people from one group to another. It is most important to study the population structure in demographic statistics.
It is a measurable characteristic of a population that helps to distinguish the people from one group to another. It is most important to study the population structure in demographic statistics.
CLASSIFICATION:- Based on bio-socio-economic aspects of the population. It can be classified broadly into three groups. Which are-
(A) BIOLOGICAL COMPOSITION:- Related with biological characters of the human population like age sex.
(B) ECONOMIC COMPOSITION:- Related to the economic conditions of the population.
(C) SOCIO-CULTURAL COMPOSITION:- Related with socio-cultural characteristics of the population like language, religion, caste, ethnicity, education, etc.
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF POPULATION:- Under the biological structure of the population age-sex structure is most important to depict the demographic behavior of the religion.
AGE-SEX STRUCTURE:- Among all the methods of age analyzing the most common method used by population geographers is age-sex structure. It is often caused or best known for population pyramids or age pyramids.
DEFINITION:- It is a graphical representation of the age structure of a population at a particular time. It is constructed by a horizontal axis which represents the total population or population in % and a vertical axis which is generally 0-5 years. The horizontal axis also represents males and females separately.
Through this diagram two different biological aspects are shown that is age and sex, that’s why it is known as the age-sex pyramid or age-sex structure.
The age and sex of the population have an impact on the political, socio-cultural policies of any country. The age-sex structure of a population at any time is the result of past trends in fertility and mortality.
STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION PYRAMID:- Population pyramid often contains continuously stacked- histogram bars, making it a horizontal bar diagram. The population size is depicted on the X-axis(horizontal) while the age group is represented on the Y-axis (vertical). Males are conventionally soon on the left and females on the right. Population pyramids are often viewed as the most effective way to graphically depict the age and distribution of population. A population pyramid gives a clear picture of how a country transitions from high fertility to low fertility rate.
DETERMINATION OF AGE-SEX STRUCTURE:- Three basic factors determined the age-sex structure or shape of the pyramid. Which are-
(A) Fertility:- The term fertility denotes the state or condition of being fertile. In demography, fertility refers to the occurrence of birth. Fertility is one of the three fundamental components of population growth, others being mortality and migration of population.
According to THOMPSON and LEWIS fertility is generally used to indicate the actual reproductive performance of a woman or group of women.
(B) Mortality:- In demography mortality means the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after birth has taken place. For the purpose of mortality, any death before birth is to be not included. Mortality is one of the three basic components of population growth others being fertility and migration.
The UN and WHO has defined the term as, ”the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after birth.”
(C) Migration:- The term migration indicates the movement of people from one place to another place. It is the most fundamental element which determines the population growth and structure of an area. It causes a redistribution of people and it is of great importance in understanding changing man-land relationship. A distinction is also drawn between migration and circulation. According to UN Migration is a form of the graphical unit to another generally involved in the change of residence.
According to Johnson and R J 1986 Migration may be defined as a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people.
TYPES OF MIGRATION:- There are four types of migration. Which are Internal Migration; International migration; Emigration; Immigration.
CLASSIFICATION OF AGE SEX PYRAMID:- Based on the shape of the pyramid diagram it is classified into three categories, which are-
(1) EXPENSIVE PYRAMID:- The pyramid has an extended based and the narrow top is called an expensive pyramid It looks like an actual pyramid shape.
CHARACTERISTICS:-
(A). Narrow top deflects very high mortality and expended base represent high fertility due to high death rate and birth rate.
(B). This type of pyramid represents 1st stage of demographic transition.
(C). Wars famines causes large-scale abnormal death.
EXAMPLE:- Mainly developing and underdeveloped countries have this type of pyramid, like sub-Saharan countries, India, Bangladesh, etc.
(2) STATIONARY PYRAMID:- When the population growth is at the stable stage, birth rate and death rate are more or less equal or very low, this type of pyramid is known as the stationary pyramid.
CHARACTERISTICS:-
(A) Population is stabilized at a particular age group.
(B) This type of pyramid reflects either the initial stage of development or a very advanced level of development.
(C) Such shape of the pyramid refers to the recently stabilized population.
EXAMPLE:- West European countries.
(3). CONSTRUCTIVE PYRAMID:- This type of pyramid refers to the small share of younger ages and a very large share of old ages. Life expectancy is very high. The dependency ratio is also very high.
CHARACTERISTICS:-
(A) Population pyramids have a narrow base than the reproductive age population. This indicates a decreasing population trend.
(B) Low birth rate, low death rate.
(C) High life expectancy.
(D) No of the older population is higher than young age population.
EXAMPLES:- Japan as the super-aged society, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, etc.
PYRAMID OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:- There are many differences between the shape of developed and developing countries. The countries which are facing the beginning of industrialization are called developing countries. Developed countries have high per capita income and GDP as compared to Developing Countries. In developed countries, the birth rate and death rate are low, whereas in developing countries both the rates are high.
IMPORTANCE OF AGE SEX PYRAMID:
(1) It directly indicates the stage of demographic transition.
(2) It depicts the trends in fertility and mortality.
(3) Age and sex of the population have an impact on the political, socio-economic policies of any country, so, like India.
(4) It influences the current levels of birth and death rate of the country.
(5) Population pyramid is the dynamic quantity that will change on daily basis. The age-sex pyramid of the nation helps in visualizing the indication of reproductive capabilities.
China Vs India by Population
China and India are the two most populous countries in the world. China is the most populous country with approximately 1.44 billion people in 2018. India is the second-largest country by population with approximately 1.35 billion inhabitants in 2018. China and India together account for 36.28% of the total world population of 7,632,819325.
In 2018 population of China is 41 million more than India. Due to the higher population growth of India, the margin between that two countries is coming down quickly. And in 2024 India will have more people than China with approximately 1.44 billion people. Currently, China’s population growth rate is only 0.39%, while India is growing at 1.11% population of China and India will decline after 2030 and 2062, respectively.
In 1950 population of China was 554 million. While the population of India was 376 million. China crossed the one billion mark in 1981 and India in 1989. By 2029, India will cross the 1.5 billion mark.
Both countries have a lower female population compared to males. Female population sharing of China is slightly greater than in India. China has 94.1 females par 100 males whereas India’s figure is 92.94. fertility rate (2015-2020) of India is 2.30 and of China is 1.63. With a median age of 26.7, India is younger than China at 37.0. The population density of India is 440.29 persons per square km compared to 148.81 in China. So India is 2.96 times denser than China. China is 4th and India is the 7th largest country in the area.
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